A financial bubble is a market situation in which the price of an asset rises far above its intrinsic or fundamental value, driven mainly by excessive optimism, speculation, and herd behaviour. Instead of prices reflecting real earnings, cash flow, or economic strength, they are pushed higher by the belief that they will continue to rise. Investors buy not because the asset is fairly valued, but because they expect to sell it later at a higher price.

Bubbles typically develop in stages. First, a new opportunity or innovation attracts attention. Excitement grows, more investors enter the market, and prices begin rising rapidly. Media coverage and social proof fuel further demand, creating a cycle of fear of missing out. As prices detach from reality, risk increases. Eventually, confidence weakens, selling begins, and panic spreads. When many investors rush to exit at once, the bubble bursts, causing a sharp decline in prices.

History provides clear examples, such as the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Dot-com bubble. Both involved rapid price increases followed by dramatic collapses. Financial bubbles highlight the powerful influence of psychology in markets and remind investors of the importance of valuation, risk management, and disciplined decision-making.